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Contents
Introduction 5
Unit A. Understanding academic convention
1. How is writing different from speaking? 7
2. How is academic writing different from other forms of writing? 11
3. What is plagiarism? 15
4. How can I use other people’s ideas in my writing? 19
5. How can I reference properly? 23
Unit B. Researching your essay
6. How do I choose my source material? 27
7. How should I use the Internet for research? 31
8. What critical thinking skills do I need to develop? 35
9. How can I read mote efficiently? 39
10. How can I take notes effectively? 43
Unit C. Preparing to write
11. How does my mother tongue affect my writing? 47
12. How can I manage my time effectively? 51
13. How can I understand my title? 55
14. How can I brainstorm ideas and develop an outline? 59
15. What is a thesis statement and how do I write one? 63
Unit D. Organizing your text
16. What different types of academic writing are there? 67
17. How is text organized in academic writing? 71
18. What are the characteristics of a good paragraph? 75
19. What should be included in my introduction? 79
20. What should be included in my conclusion? 83
Unit E. Making your writing more ‘academic’
21. How can I make my essays more formal? 87
22. Should I use I in my writing? 91
23. When should I use cautious or tentative language? 95
24. How can I make my writing more complex? 99
25. How can I strengthen my argument? 103
Unit F. Developing your writing style
26. How can I write a good sentence? 107
27. How can I make my writing more emphatic? 111
28. How can I make my writing more coherent? 115
29. How can I make my writing more cohesive? 119
30. What kind of linking devices can I use in my academic writing? 123
Unit G. Using functional language in your writing
31. What is the best way of reporting others’ words? 127
32. How can I show cause and effect? 131
33. How should I define unfamiliar words and phrases? 135
34. How can I compare and contrast different ideas? 139
35. What language should I use to interpret tables and graphs? 143
Unit H. Enriching your vocabulary
36. How can I stop repeating the same language? 147
37. How can I avoid using vague and unnecessary words? 151
38. What are collocations and how can I use them? 155
39. What phrases are commonly used in academic writing? 159
40. How can I use prepositions effectively? 163
Unit I. Improving your grammar
41. What tenses should I use in academic writing? 167
42. How can I use modal verbs correctly? 171
43. How can I punctuate properly? 175
44. How can I use articles? 179
45. How can I use adverbs effectively and accurately? 183
Unit J. Finalizing your writing
46. Why is proofreading important? 187
47. What proofreading strategies can improve my final draft? 191
48. What language/grammar mistakes are particularly common? 195
49. How do I write a good abstract? 199
50. What final checks do I need to make? 203
Answers 207
Glossary 225
Appendix 1. Document list 237
Appendix 2. Extension activites 244
Appendix 3. Additional information 247
Appendix 4. Useful hyperlinks 272
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