Ngữ pháp và bài tập về Câu tường thuật

REPORTED SPEECH

I. Các dạng câu tường thuật 1. Reported statements.

- introducing verb (động từ giới thiệu): said /told - joining word ( từ nối ): that E.g: - Join said, “I work hard.” Join said that he worked hard. - The teacher said to the students, “I hope to see you during the holiday”. The teacher told the students that he hoped to see them during the holiday. + Lưu ý: Nếu động từ tường thuật (say ) ở thì hiện tại, thì động từ ở mệnh đề that không đổi.

E.g: - John says, “ It’s raining.” John says that it’s raining. 2.Reported questions. a. Reported Yes / No questions:

* Động từ giới thiệu: asked / wondered / wanted to know / inquired ( whether ), không dùng said và told. + Từ nối : if / whether

E.g: - John said to me, “Are you thirsty?” John asked me if I was hungry. - The old man said, “Are you a good student?” The old man asked me if/whether I was a good student. b. Reported Wh- questions:

+ Động từ giới thiệu: asked

E.g: - I asked Tom, “Who do you sit next to in class.” I asked Tom who he sat next to in class. - Tom asked the teacher, “What does the word mean?” Tom asked the teacher what the word meant. - The traveler asked the policeman, “Where can I find a taxi?” The traveler asked the policeman where he could find a taxi. - I asked her, “How old are you?”

I asked her how old she was 3. Reported imparatives.

Động từ giới thiệu: told / ordered ( dùng để ra lệnh ) : asked ( yêu cầu lịch sự )

Ngoài ra còn có những động từ tuần thuật khác như: advise, invite, want, allow, like, beg, promise, command, teach, help...

E.g: - I said to John. “please send me my dictionary.”  I told John to send me my dictionary. - Mary said, “Open the window please, John?” Mary asked John to open the window.

- I said to him, “Go away!” I ordered him to go away. - The mother said to her children, “Don’t play with fire.”

S + said (that) + S + V … S + told + O + that + S + V …

S + asked + (O) / wondered.. + if / whether + S + V..

S + asked + (O) / wondered.. + Wh- / How + S + V …

S + told / asked / ordered + O + (not) + to infinitive

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The mother told her children not to play with fire.

4. Reported Speech with Infinitive, Gerund a. With infinitive ( To – V): Form: V + Obj + To-infinitive : => “ You should take the job, Thanh.” She encouraged Thanh to take the job. * Những động từ sau có thể được sử dụng như trên: advise (khuyên), ask (yêu cầu), instruct (hướng dẫn), expect(mong đợi), invite(mời), order(ra lệnh), persuade(thuyết phục), recomment(giới thiệu, đề nghị), remind(nhắc nhở), request(yêu cầu), tell(bảo ai), warn(cảnh báo)…. Form: V + To-infinitive:

=> “ I’ll take you to town.” She offered to take me to town. * Những động từ sau có thể được sử dụng như trên: agree (đồng ý), demand (đòi hỏi, yêu cầu), hope (hy vọng), promise (hứa), threaten (de dọa), volunteer (xung phong)… b. With gerund (V- ing): Form: V + Obj + giới từ + V-ing: => “You are not telling the truth, you are a liar!”  They accused me of telling lies. * Những động từ sau có thể được sử dụng như trên: suspect … of(nghi ngờ…), congratulate … on(chúc mừng …), prevent … from(ngăn chặn …), thank … for(cảm ơn…), warn … against(cảnh báo …), stop … from(ngăn chặn)…. Form: V + giới từ + V-ing:

=> “ I’ll buy you a cup of coffee. I insist.”  She insisted on buying me a cup of coffee. * Những động từ sau có thể được sử dụng như trên: dream of( ước mơ về), approve/disapprove of (ủng hộ; tán thành/không ủng hộ; không tán thành), apologise for(xin lỗi), look forward to(mong đợi), think of (nghĩ về). Lưu ý: Suggest (đề nghị) / Deny (chối, phủ nhận) / Admit (thừa nhận, thú tội) + Ving - “I dindn’t steal it.” He denied stealing it. - “ I stole it,” he answered He admitted stealing it. - He said, “Let’s stop now and finish it later.” He suggested stopping then and finishing it later. 5. Conditional in reported speech: TYPE DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH 1 “If it rains, I will stay at home to read books,” said the boy.

- The boy said that if it rained, …